Substitute, as the word suggests is replacement. In terms of football is to replace one player with another. Initially substitutes in football were only used when a player failed to turn up for a match (who was expected to be a part of the match)
The first known substitution in a football match for an absent player happened as early in the 1850s. Later in the following years many references have been made of substitutions of a absent player or of an injured player during matches. The first ever substitution used in an international match was way back in the year 1889, on 15th April in the match between Wales and Scotland. Substitution happened when Wales' original goalkeeper, Jim Trainer failed to arrive in time The kick-off was delayed while a replacement was sought; eventually the match got underway with local amateur player, Alf Pugh in goal, before Sam Gillam arrived some twenty minutes into the match to take over as a substitute. Next, as early as the qualifying phase for the World Cup in 1954, substitutions were permitted in the games, with the first ever replacement being Germany's Horst Eckel during their match with Saarland ion 11th October 1953
Considering English League, substitutions were first permitted in the 1965-66 season. As for the first two seasons after substitutes were permitted, each side could make 1 substitution. Moreover, the substitute could only replace an injured player. Later in the 1967-68 season, substitutions could be made for tactical reasons. On 21 August 1965, Keith Peacock of Charlton Athletic became the first substitute used in the Football League when he replaced injured goalkeeper Mike Rose eleven minutes into their away match against Bolton Wanderers. On the same day, Bobby Knox became the first ever substitute to score a goal when he scored for Barrow against Wrexham
In the following years, teams were enabled to name up to 5 or 7 substitutes on the 'bench', depending on the league and competition, out of which maximum of 3 of those substitutes could be used. In the Premier League, teams could name up to 5 substitutes on the bench as announced in the year 1996, until the 2008-09 season when the FA permitted 7 substitutes to be named on the bench.
Here are some of the official footballing laws relating to substitution :
The first known substitution in a football match for an absent player happened as early in the 1850s. Later in the following years many references have been made of substitutions of a absent player or of an injured player during matches. The first ever substitution used in an international match was way back in the year 1889, on 15th April in the match between Wales and Scotland. Substitution happened when Wales' original goalkeeper, Jim Trainer failed to arrive in time The kick-off was delayed while a replacement was sought; eventually the match got underway with local amateur player, Alf Pugh in goal, before Sam Gillam arrived some twenty minutes into the match to take over as a substitute. Next, as early as the qualifying phase for the World Cup in 1954, substitutions were permitted in the games, with the first ever replacement being Germany's Horst Eckel during their match with Saarland ion 11th October 1953
Considering English League, substitutions were first permitted in the 1965-66 season. As for the first two seasons after substitutes were permitted, each side could make 1 substitution. Moreover, the substitute could only replace an injured player. Later in the 1967-68 season, substitutions could be made for tactical reasons. On 21 August 1965, Keith Peacock of Charlton Athletic became the first substitute used in the Football League when he replaced injured goalkeeper Mike Rose eleven minutes into their away match against Bolton Wanderers. On the same day, Bobby Knox became the first ever substitute to score a goal when he scored for Barrow against Wrexham
In the following years, teams were enabled to name up to 5 or 7 substitutes on the 'bench', depending on the league and competition, out of which maximum of 3 of those substitutes could be used. In the Premier League, teams could name up to 5 substitutes on the bench as announced in the year 1996, until the 2008-09 season when the FA permitted 7 substitutes to be named on the bench.
Here are some of the official footballing laws relating to substitution :
According to the law of the game(2007–08):
1) A player may only be substituted during a stoppage in play and with the permission of the referee. The player to be substituted (outgoing player) must have left the field of play before the substitute (incoming player) may enter the field of play; at that point the substitute becomes a player and the person substituted ceases to be a player. The incoming player may only enter the field at the half-way line. Failure to comply with these provisions may be punished by a caution (yellow card).
2) A player who has been substituted may take no further part in a match.
3) Both unused substitutes still on the bench, as well as players who have been already substituted, remain under the authority of the referee. These are liable for misconduct, though can not be said to have committed a foul. For example, in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Claudio Caniggia was shown the red card for cursing at the referee from the bench.
4) Under the Laws, the referee has no specific power to force a player to be substituted, even if the team manager or captain has ordered their player to be substituted. If a player refuses to be substituted play may simply resume with that player on the field. However, in some situations players may still be liable to punishment with a caution (yellow card) for time wasting or unsporting behaviour.
5) A player who has been sent off (red card) may not be substituted; the team will have to make do with the remaining players. In the case of a goalkeeper who is sent off, such as in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final, the coach will usually (but is not required to) substitute an outfield player so that the backup goalkeeper can enter the game.
6) Up to a maximum of six substitutes may be used in any match played in an official competition organised under the auspices of FIFA, the confederations or the member associations.
Also:
: In national A team matches, up to a maximum of six substitutes may be used.
: In all other matches, a greater number of substitutes may be used provided that:
a) The teams concerned reach agreement on a maximum number
b) The referee is informed before the match.
: If the referee is not informed, or if no agreement is reached before the match, no more than six substitutes are allowed.
Substitutes are of increased significance these days for tactical reasons, for crucial goals as a substitute, known as super-sub. Ole Gunnar Solskjær, probably the best of the super-subs
Some interesting stats relating to substitutes in the Premier League :
Most times substituted : Nolberto Solano (132 times - Newcastle United, Aston Villa, West Ham United)
Most times on bench : Steve Harper (321 times - Newcastle United)
Most times off bench : Nwankwo Kanu (118 times - Arsenal, Porstmouth, West Bromwich Albion)
Fastest goal by a substitute : Nicklas Bendtner (1.8 sec, For Arsenal vs Tottenham, 22nd Dec 2007)
Fastest red card for a substitute during field of play :
Walter Boyd (Swansea City, 12 March 2000),
Keith Gillespie (Sheffield United, 20 January 2007)
In the current scenario, Edin Dzeko has scored 11 goals of the bench in the Premier League, while Javier Hernandez has scored 16 goals off the bench in total, although Ole Gunnar Solskjær remains at the top with 29 goals off the bench (including 17 League goals). Some of the other super-subs includes Fairclough, Tore Andre Flo and Teddy Sheringham.
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